When a favorable wind blew the vessel would sail. When an unwanted wind blew it would not. and four great anchors of lead hanging from ropes made of camel hair were lowered in the four directions. By thus directing the ship, the king and his retinue found their way to the great ocean. The big sail was then hoisted and a favorable wind sent them on their way. They continued their journey with the speed of a strongly loosened arrow.

When they reached an island of precious gems, the retinue was left behind while the king and the captain continued the journey in a smaller boat. A white mountain came into sight and the king asked. “What kind of mountain is that?”

“That mountain is made of silver,” was the answer.

They proceeded further and a blue mountain appeared so he asked. “What kind of mountain is that?”

“It is a mountain of lapis lazuli,” was the answer.

After that, they saw a yellow mountain and the king asked about it.

“That is a mountain of gold; we are going to that place,” the captain said.

They went there and saw that the earth was made of golden sand and that in front of the mountain there was a castle made of various kinds of precious substances.

The captain then told the king. “You should proceed while I stay here. The castle is surrounded by seven rings of lakes. When cross­ing them, you will meet many vicious animals, such as poisonous snakes, so contemplate bodhichitta while walking. In the center of the lakes is a wall made of iron and many different

The rocks there are jagged and the cliff high.

<4That would be a great pity. I will speak to her and save her.” So he callcd, “Sister, sister, where do you go thus late at night?”

The woman shrank against the wall and said, “General, I am not a woman. Walk by at a distance and leave me.”

So he walked by and left her. But she had called him “General” and instead of doing him harm she had let him see the future destiny that was in store for him. He was then over thirty, so he left the employ of the restaurant and joined the army. He became kitchen help.

Now to sec how destiny works. It was the time of the Taiping Rebellion when the long-haired bandits swarmed over the country. One day there came the alarm, “The bandits are preparing to attack us.”

Sung Ch’ing was cooking. He emptied the wide-mouthed iron cooking basin. He poured out the gruel that was being

rituals of demarcation, which had a personal as well as a political significance.41 The new body assumed a central place in the self- image of the bourgeois classes. It was a “natural symbol,” one in which the individual was to be embodied and by means of which he or she became visibly set apart from the “externally directed” nobility, as well as from the filth of the peasants and the disorder of the urban underclasses.

The relation between the macrocosm and the microcosm, in which man and woman had embodied themselves in regionally specific and often “bloody” ways, was replaced by the Utopia of a human, disciplined body, around which a new kind of society could be constructed. In this body bourgeois sexuality became what blood had been to the nobility and the peasants, a change which Foucault repeatedly pointed out.42

Bakhtin called attention to this retreat into the body—one could almost describe it as the morphological dimension of somatic individu­alization—when he contrasted the closed body of the bourgeoisie to the “baroque” body. The body regions were rearranged into a new hierarchy: the backside and the lower body became taboo; orifices had to be kept closed; yawning must not permit a glimpse into the inside of the body; whatever protruded had to be drawn in or tightly laced up. Individual character was to reveal itself in the face, in the eyes. Corporeality was disciplined; it internalized itself and withdrew to the private sphere. The body aura was obliterated.45 As early as 1942 Marc Bloch showed that human beings had an “aura” and that this aura and its effects on scrofula could become the object of historical investigation.44 Some­what later R. Mandrou examined how the sense perception of tongue, nose, and fingers gradually withdrew to the eyes, a restructuring of the cultural hierarchies of the senses which Elias had also noted.45

Toward a Hiitory oftht Body

of trained minds, and ones own experience—indeed the meticulous cultivation of that experience especially as it concerned the affairs of the body—these were essential to serious personal regimen.”40 The doctor should help in cases of illness, but the individual was now obliged to observe the “non-naturals” himself and arrange his life accordingly. A wealth of health manuals gave detailed instruction on how to do this. They established norms for healthful living within the family and under the supervision of women, who stood in the center of the health campaign as the extension of the doctors. The new rituals of a clean body and a clean home were

winds, sand storms, and, in one instance on the southern plains, dust storms that matched the worst of the 1950s (Moore, personal com­munication). Two of the enlisted men documented the suffering ex­perienced by the Army of the West during its march up the Arkansas Valley and across southeastern Colorado in the summer of 1846. Near Bent’s Fort, Sergeant Jacob Robinson wrote:

The country becomes a desert, extremely hot; the wind blows from it as from a heated oven, causing soreness of the eyes and bleeding at the nose. On the 4th of August we left the Arkansas … the heat intense, thermometer 120; clouds of dust almost suffocate the men, who arc in confusion and grum­bling. Water-mirage appears, but no water; and last and worst the dreaded Sirocco or hot wind blows, which burns us even through our clothes. (Robin­son. 1932,19-20)

With reference to this same tract, Private John Hughes added:

We suffered much with heat, and thirst, and the driven sand—which filled our eyes, and nostrils, and mouths, almost to suffocation. Many of our ani­mals perished on the desert . . . The Roman army under Mctcllus, on its march through the deserts of Africa, never encountered more serious opposi­tion from the elements that did our army in this passage over this American Sahara. (Hughes. 1848, 62-63)

The treeless region. This region lies almost wholly west of the Mississippi River, crossing it only in the northern part to include Illinois and a part of Wisconsin. This timber line[1]comes out of Canada near the eastern boundary of North Dakota, swings southeastward into Minnesota, and passes just south of St. Paul into Wisconsin. The line here approaches Lake Michigan north of Milwaukee, and follows the lake shore to Chicago, and thence describes a semicircle to the southward, inclosing in a giant horseshoe of surrounding for­est a part of Indiana and practically all Illinois. It crosses to the west side of the Mississippi near Davenport, Iowa, and then turns southward across the Missouri near Omaha, Nebraska. The line then runs southward through eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma and enters Texas near Sher­man. It cuts Texas on a north-and-south line about the center, passing near Waco, Austin, and San Antonio. From Austin it swings eastward to the now extinct town of Indianola, on the Gulf of Mexico. For the most part the boundary between the timber and the prairie lies between the ninety- fourth and ninety-eighth meridians, though it swings farther eastward in Iowa and Illinois.

The timber-line boundary falls far short of — is far west of —the topographical boundary of the Plains, which, as before indicated, follows the base of the Appalachian Moun­tains. But to the west of the High Plains another aspect of the case is presented: the treeless region extends beyond the topographical line along the base of the Rockies; in fact, it extends beyond or through the Rockies themselves to the Pacific slope. It is true that exceptions are found here, like

‘Ihe fundamental fact about our experience is that it is a process of changc.

In these cases large openings produce sup­puration and granulations in a short tirtfe.

To remove parts which are incurable is an attempt which should, if possible, be delayed. The hurry, the increased energy, the fever, indispensable to active exer­tions in battle, raise a commotion, which, when joined with the irritation of an operation, renders the event almost hopeless. Few can support the loss of a large limb till the inflammatory state is reduced, and it must be still more dangerous, ^hen the additional causes of irritation just mentioned are combined. Amputation, therefore, should be delayed, unless an hemorrhage from the wound of a large artery renders it indispensa­ble, and, in that case, the previous haemorrhage ren­ders it more safe. The operation, however, seldom succeeds; and in general the greater proportion in which amputation hjis been delayed recovers. See Fract^ra, Fractured leg in the field we may indeed remove a limb, which hangs by a small piece of flesh only; for the amputation has been already effected by the ball; in the field, also, we may remove hard bodies sticking in the wound, replace prolapsed or protruded viscera, or remove whatever may impede or render the removal inconve­nient.

In general, bleeding has been employed in the first instance, and, from the agitation, &c. just described, it is undoubtedly a necessary measure; but the degree of fever and excitement, it must be considered, are temporary only, and when these recede, the constitution flags in proportion to the former increased energy. Thus we find that a second bleeding seldom succeeds when the fever at first was high. In general, it is ob­served that every injury bears bleeding better, the nearer the part affected is to the chest. The joints and distant parts are more susceptible of irritation than in­flammation. When there is much pain and local in­flammation, leeches are highly necessary, and particu­larly useful, and in every instance low diet, with gentle laxatives, are essentially necessaiy.

PARACE NTESIS, (fromirxpaxevhw, to make a per­foration), compunctio, tapping $ an operation employ­ed for discharging water through the integuments of the belly from its cavity. The place formerly appointed for the perforation is about four fingers’ breadtn from the navel, or rather in the middle betwixt the navel and the dipper part of the os ilium. The left side is usually preferred, as the spleen does not extend so low as the liver. Mr. Sharp observes that, if the navel protu- bcrates from water only, a small puncture made in the tumour with a lancet will discharge tho water, without endangering a rupture. The signs of ascites, and the distinction between it and the pregnant state, we have already considered. (See Ascites.) It is now only ne­cessary to remark, that in the young and robust this operation may be performed; but when fever, schirrus, or abscess, concur, it should be omitted. In exhausted constitutions, in consumptions when attended with jaundice or with general dropsy, if allowed, it should be only for temporary benefit, and the patient should bo apprised that nothing more can be expected.

If the extravased fluid remains in the same proportion for several years, particularly if the health in other re­spects is good, the evacuation is a radical cure, provided that the nealtb is otherwise unaftcctedj but while the bulk of the water increases, there is not that confidcnce of a radical cure,

Upon a sudden evacuation of the waters in a hydrops pectoris or in an ascites, dcliquium ensues, because when the pressure of the water is taken off, the flow of bhod into the descending aorta leaves the vessels of the brain not sufficiently supplied.

P A R

In this operation, therefore, it i* proper to have, I. A roller oi flannel, or a flannel jaced about the belly, pre­vious to die evacuation of the water, that it may be tightened at pleasure, and the bowels preyed ftgainst the diaphragm.

Rescues this period from total insignificance. Yet, even at this time, when authors contended that no blood naturally entered the arteries, and the arterial vibrations were attributed to a pu/sijic con at its, the pulse was attended to and employed among other prognostics. The fame however of the medical practitioners was eclipsed by that of Aristotle, who flourished at this time j a man to whom every branch of natural science was highly indebted, who alone united live most comprehensive views, the acutest genius, and the most unremitting diligence, and who has only been disregarded by tlwse who have not talents to appreciate his labours. His two books on medicine are unfortuuately lost his anatomy, in the works which remain, is not on the whole correct, and his physiology somewhat fanciful. These were however the faults of his sera, not his own. Whatever were the errors of his physiology and philosophy, both were adopted in gene­ral by Galen, and more exclusively by the Arabians; so that their effects were most extensive. The vast knowledge which Aristotle possessed in the three king­doms of nature is sufficiently understood \ to his in- structijus we are indebted for what 1 heophrastus has collected, and perhaps tor the fatal knowledge which Thia^as is said to have possessed of the deleterious qualities of vegetables. The other physicians of this sera do not merit ihe slightest notice. The prominent objects which next offer themselves to our attention are Haophilus and Erawtrutus, the great founder* of the Alexandrian school, at least the powerful supporters of its credit. Erasistratus we have styled the elder, but the chronology of this very early period is uncertain. Krasistmna was a physician of some eminence, but he applied to anatomy at a very late period of his life, and with great candour recanted, in consequence of his discoveries, some of his early opi­nions.